|
As the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) broke up, its sound system diverged as well, according to various sound laws in the daughter languages. Especially notable is the palatalization that produced the Satem languages, along with the associated ruki sound law. Other notable changes are Grimm's law and Verner's law in Proto-Germanic; an independent change similar to Grimm's law in Armenian; loss of prevocalic '' *p-'' in Proto-Celtic; Brugmann's law in Proto-Indo-Iranian; Winter's law and Hirt's law in Balto-Slavic; and merging of voiced and breathy-voiced stops, and /a/ and /o/, in various "northern" languages. Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian, and Sievers' law in Proto-Germanic and (to some extent) various other branches, may or may not have been a common Indo-European feature. A number of innovations, both phonological and morphological, represent areal features common to the Italic and Celtic languages; among them are the development of labiovelars to labial consonants in some Italic and Celtic branches, producing "p-Celtic" and "q-Celtic" languages (likewise "p-Italic" and "q-Italic", although these terms are less used). Another grouping with many shared areal innovations is Greek, Indo-Iranian, and Armenian; among the common phonological innovations are Grassmann's law in Greek and Indo-Iranian, and weakening of pre-vocalic /s/ to /h/ in Greek, Iranian and Armenian. ==Consonants== :Notes: *1 After a vowel. *2 Before a plosive (). *3 Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law). *4 After a (PIE) stop or . *5 Before a (PIE) front vowel (). *6 Before or after a (PIE) . *7 Before or after a (PIE) . *8 Between vowels. *9 Before a sonorant. *10 Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels. *11 After (Ruki sound law). *12 Before a stressed vowel. *13 At the end of a word. *14 After or before . *15 After . *16 Before an original laryngeal. *17 Before a consonant or original laryngeal. *18 In Younger Avestan, after a vowel. *19 After , possibly other consonants? *20 After (Greek) . *21 At the beginning of a word. *22 Before or after an obstruent (; ). *23 Before or after a resonant (). *24 Between vowels, or between a vowel and (on either side). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indo-European sound laws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|